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black power
Black Power is a political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African/Black descent.〔Scott, James. Wilson. (1976). ''The black revolts: racial stratification in the U.S.A. : the politics of estate, caste, and class in the American society.'' Cambridge, Mass: Schenkman Pub.〕 It is used by African Americans in the United States.〔Ogbar, J. O. G. (2005). ''Black power: radical politics and African American identity. Reconfiguring American political history.'' Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. Page 2.〕 It was prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s, emphasizing racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests〔Appiah, A., & Gates, H. L. (1999). ''Africana: the encyclopedia of the African and African American experience.'' New York: Basic Civitas Books, p. 262.〕 and advance black values.
"Black Power" expresses a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of social institutions and a self-sufficient economy. The earliest known usage of the term is found in a 1954 book by Richard Wright entitled ''Black Power''.〔''Yale Book of Quotations'' (2006), Yale University Press, edited by Fred R. Shapiro.〕 Although he did not "coin" the phrase, New York politician Adam Clayton Powell Jr. used the term on May 29, 1966 during a baccalaureate address at Howard University: "To demand these God-given rights is to seek black power."〔
==Origin as a political slogan==
The first popular use of the term "Black Power" as a social and racial slogan was by Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) and Willie Ricks (later known as Mukasa Dada), both organizers and spokespersons for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). On June 16, 1966, in a speech in Greenwood, Mississippi after the shooting of James Meredith during the March Against Fear, Stokely Carmichael said:〔"Matthew Duncan':Black Power salute by John Dominis-1968."''matthewduncan07'' The Chateau Theme,7 November 2013.Web.7 November 2013〕
This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!
Stokely Carmichael saw the concept of "Black Power" as a means of solidarity between individuals within the movement. It was a replacement of the "Freedom Now!" slogan of non-violent leader Martin Luther King. With his conception and articulation of the word, he felt this movement was not just a movement for racial desegregation, but rather a movement to help combat America's crippling racism. He said, "For the last time, 'Black Power' means black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak their needs."〔"Stokely Carmichael", ''King Encyclopedia'', The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Accessed 20 November 2006.〕
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